The Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health in Pakistani Cities: A Study of the Effects of Particulate Matter on Respiratory Health

Abstract

This research examines the relationship between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and respiratory health outcomes in major Pakistani cities. Through quantitative analysis of air quality monitoring data from 2015-2022 across Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, and Peshawar, this study demonstrates significant associations between elevated PM2.5 and PM10 levels and increased respiratory morbidity. Using multivariate regression models, we analyzed data from 3,472 patients across 12 hospitals to assess the relationship between air pollution exposure and respiratory disease incidence. Results indicate that a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM2.5 concentration is associated with a 5.7% increase in hospital admissions for respiratory conditions (p<0.001), with children and the elderly showing the highest vulnerability. Seasonal variations revealed peak pollution levels during winter months, corresponding with increased respiratory disease burden. Economic analysis estimates annual healthcare costs attributable to air pollution-related respiratory diseases at approximately PKR 5.8 billion. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved air quality management policies, comprehensive monitoring networks, and public health interventions in Pakistani urban centers.

Keywords: air pollution, particulate matter, respiratory health, urban health, Pakistan, PM2.5, public health, environmental policy