The Role of Renewable Energy in Pakistan's Energy Mix: A Study of the Potential for Solar and Wind Energy

Abstract

This study investigates the potential integration of renewable energy sources, specifically solar and wind, into Pakistan's current energy infrastructure. The nation faces significant energy challenges including supply shortages, transmission inefficiencies, and heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels. Quantitative analysis of meteorological data from five provinces reveals substantial untapped potential for both solar photovoltaic and wind power generation. Using geographical information systems and econometric modeling, this research quantifies the technical potential of these resources at approximately 2,900 TWh for solar and 346 TWh for wind energy annually, far exceeding Pakistan's current electricity demand of 140 TWh. Financial analysis indicates that renewable energy projects are becoming increasingly cost-competitive, with levelized costs of energy (LCOE) for utility-scale solar PV and wind at $0.053/kWh and $0.047/kWh respectively, compared to $0.079/kWh for coal and $0.091/kWh for natural gas. The study concludes that strategic investments in renewable energy infrastructure could substantially improve Pakistan's energy security, reduce import dependency, and provide environmental benefits. Policy recommendations include implementing predictable feed-in tariffs, streamlining regulatory frameworks, and developing technical expertise to facilitate the transition to a more sustainable energy mix.

Keywords: renewable energy, Pakistan, solar power, wind energy, energy security, energy transition, sustainable development, policy framework